Disaster

Korstanje (2011) Wide level of hazard is happen by the substantial radical change to the environment, loss of life, physical injury or destruction is regard as a disaster which may be the natural or man-made or technological. Earthquakes, catastrophic accidents, floods, explosions or fires are causes of disaster happen. Barton (1969) Disaster can happen in the damage of property, social, economic and cultural life. When risk is managed inappropriately then disasters are seen. In developing countries, the consequence of disasters has the greatest costs and more than 95 percent of all deaths are happen for the disasters. Developing countries suffer about 20 times greater than the industrialized when natural disasters are happen.

A disaster waiting to happen: The changing climate and a warming world

Miletiand Fitzpatrick (1992) in global average air and ocean temperatures is the cause of warming of the climate system which is unambiguous and also the cause of pervasive melting of snow and ice which increases the global average sea level. It is previously happened the ‘Unequivocal’- ‘climate change’ which sends a clear message to the scientific community as well as the world. Phillips (2005) The greenhouse result at work in our world's climate structures is the natural dynamic force after climate change. Without entering the atmosphere about 30 per cent solar radiation reaches the earth from the sun, and is reflected back into space. Wilson (2010) The atmosphere absorbed Another 20 per cent is immediately and 50 per cent reaches the Earth's surface which was the remaining. Much of solar radiation is absorbed and the rest reflected back towards the atmosphere. Maintaining an energy balance is happen if the amount of solar radiation the amount reflected is about equal to that reaches the Earth. To sustaining life on Earth and the environment would not be favorable without this greenhouse effect. Beck (2006) By two components of the atmosphere is now being altered this energy balance. The first element is the greenhouse gases (GHGs). The energy reflected from the surface of the earth is apprehended by the greenhouse gases (GHGs) and it keeps energy in our atmosphere and warming the earth. Second one is aerosols - miniscule particles. Quarantelli (2008) Before reaching energy to the atmosphere, Aerosols - miniscule particles reflect solar radiation back into space and suspended it as well as cool the Earth. Paul et al. (2003) The long-term, natural climate deviations are the impacts of human actions which are now outpacing. Human activities have unconfined greenhouse gases and aerosols into the atmosphere to the agricultural revolution of the 18th century and the natural greenhouse gas process were at a small scale. Barton (1969) Until the turn of Industrial Revolution in the 20th century, it was not trapping more greenhouse gas emissions and our actions increased dramatically. More heat in the atmosphere causing human-induced climate change.

Changes in greenhouse gases

Miletiand Fitzpatrick (1992) 13 per cent of discharges are made by the agricultural and transport sector. Methane and nitrous oxide emissions are the main provider to the agriculture. From The biomass decomposition, methane digestion processed and it is produced from the livestock like cows. Phillips (2005) Due to excess nitrogen emits nitrous oxide, soil and manure produce chemical reactions. Over a 100 year period as a greenhouse emission, methane of about 25 times that of nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide.

Figure: Global emissions: Share of global emissions in CO2 equivalent, 2004.

Source: State of the World 2009, Worldwatch Institute

Climate changes

Paul et al. (2003) The Earth was warmed over 0.7°C in 1901. Our actions in the short and mid-term are heavily dependent to the warming in future. Beck (2006) The Earth's climate systems are weakening for the anthropogenic emissions. This is generating positive reactions in the climate which directly distresses to the air and ocean temperature, rainfall and extreme weather events. Quarantelli (2008) Global average air and ocean temperatures will rise due to more heat confined in the atmosphere leads to raising the sea level, ecosystem deviations, melting ice and snow at sea. More clouds are resulting for more evaporated water that cans warmer air temperatures. Increases the albedo decreases the amount solar radioactive energy of the Earth. Alexander (2002) A recent study found that the effects of climate change for the carbon dioxide lasting more than 1,000 years while existing and forthcoming actions will not deter the 0.1°C warming to decrease emanations and it can stop further heating. Hilhorst (2003) The quantity of hot days and hot nights are on the upsurge while the quantity of cold days and cold nights in most of the world has a 90 per cent of lessening. Heavy rainfall which can subsidize to flooding will make more regular appearances due to upsurge the Heat waves. Barton (1969) Based on each exclusive location and ecology these changes will have unequal influences on areas of the world. Sub-tropical counties are projected to accept less rainwater whereas tropical Countries further anticipated experiencing heavier rainfall. Alexander (2002) The world could warm by 1.8-4.0°C by 2100 according to an international scientific body: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Sea level will rise and attainment of the one meter for the upgrading of warming air temperatures and ice sheet melting. Paul et al. (2003) For reference, changing coastlines of fluctuating levels of all countries will see high coasts. On the other hand, Low-lying coastal countries could witness flooding of large portions of their land and populated heavily to these areas. One meter of sea level rise is the cause of flooding of 14,000-30,000 km2 or 10-20 per cent of total area in Bangladesh.

Current impacts

Miletiand Fitzpatrick (1992) Glaciers and sea ice are already melting at increasing rates. The ice loss during the 1996-2005 is twice than the previous decade ice loss. Beck (2006) Due to increase in the warming temperatures of sea surface and ocean acidification, an indicator of ocean health and stability Coral reefs dying off at an alarming rate. 20 per cent of the world's coral reefs had been destroyed in 2008 due to increase the warming temperatures of sea surface and ocean acidification. Hilhorst (2003) All coral reefs are at risk of extinction which should taking into consideration. Paul et al. (2003) Land impacts for the recent climate changes are quite diverse. Severe heat waves, Expanding ranges of pests and more frequent flooding events are three examples of Land impacts for the recent climate changes. Warmer winters have had devastating effects on forests and higher temperatures stressed drought conditions. Phillips (2005) these forests are important carbon sinks which take greenhouse gas emissions up. In 2007 alone 4 million acres of forest were killed in the western United States.

Figure 2: Freshwater vulnerabilities: Examples of current vulnerabilities of freshwater resources and their management

Source: IPCC (2010)

Paul et al. (2003) Weather climate change would increase the strength and sternness of extreme events which is considered normal for these events. Anthropogenic emissions rise and the quantity of weather-related disasters and temperature changes are anticipated to play a significant role in these events globally. Wilson (2010) Average 300 weather-related disasters and risks are like winter storms, hurricanes, flooding and wildfires in a year which is supposed to rise to 480 in the 1990s. Weather-related catastrophes have increased to 620 in the last decade. Meanwhile, as a result of an intense hurricane season, $214 billion (USD) economic losses occurred in the worldwide in 2005.

Future impacts

Phillips (2005) On the human vulnerabilities and Earth, future influences could be numerous of climate change. More annual rainfall will be happen in some regions of the world and the water resources will go rise and below ground will also be strained in many regions of the world.

Figure 3: Future water vulnerability: World map of future water vulnerabilities

Source: IPCC (2010)

Quarantelli (2008) Regions dependent on groundwater bases might also experience difficulties by the climate change as water for boosting aquifers decreases. Many aquifers are being excavated for water at an unmaintainable degree. A weakening in rainwater resources could generate waves of unpredictability in both accepted and human systems, impacting agriculture and food safety, ecological unit and biodiversity, human health, settlements and substructure, the economy, health, and of course the water source. Miletiand Fitzpatrick (1992) Climate change will pressure food security in the human system which to effects on natural systems will be increased soil erosion. Sub-tropical areas are projected to accept much less rainfall to seasonal heat which is very sensitive to the agricultural productivity. Barton (1969) To attain or preserve food security, vulnerable communities and the sub-tropics and tropics will become the norm by the next century and the average temperature will exceed during season. The task of protecting and improving human health becomes increasingly unwieldy as ranges for vectors that carry diseases like malaria, dengue fever, and osmosis extend further in latitude and altitude to regions that were previously protected by their cold winter conditions. The intensity and seasonality of vector-borne disease outbreaks are projected to change as well.

Global response

Wilson (2010) For the global community, climate change is an immense challenge to breathtaking and makes a sustainable development in the climate and also preserves the food for the future. Undertake to alleviate the causes of climate change and adjust to climate change are the two option for the globe. Best option of sustainable development in the climate for the globe has to be found out by the world’s people. To a positive degree of short- and middle-term actions in the change will continue and adapt most of all countries. Deteriorate climate change susceptibilities with poverty and food uncertainty makes the countries in a great sufferings. Mitigation actions must be taken in all countries. Developed countries have contributed the majority of historic emissions which have brought the world to where it is now, but many developing countries are catching up in emissions very quickly and some are even surpassing developed country emissions levels. In 2007, China took the lead in total greenhouse gas emissions, displacing the United States. Preceding environmental difficulties responses to the world's different climate change in the late 1980s and to eliminate ozone-depleting substances from public use the global community militarized environmental difficulties. The belongings of these struggles will take longer to originate a similar united response to the Climate change. Paul et al. (2003) To defend their well-being and their living environment, the scientific community prepared the connection between acid rain and nitrogen pollution and sulphur. To limit or remove these discharges through national and local efforts, people responded to make the way of environmental safety, food security, reduction of pollution, balance the use of chemical, reduce the use of dangerous components, balance the bio-diversity, increase the natural resources and safe the natural resources for better Climate change in the world. However, greenhouse gases can blanket the entire planet if it will mix into the atmosphere by emitting from their sources.

Reference

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A disaster waiting to happen: The changing climate and a warming world

Submitted by: Abdullah

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